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The plasma is very effective in the heat transfer due to its high temperature, approximately 10,000 degrees Celsius, but it is also very inhospitable, as it is very reactive, and therefore, it is difficult to work with. In fact, plasma is a fast-moving oxidizing gaseous mixture, making it difficult to store safely. In addition, the high concentration of free radicals present in the plasma can react with any compound that is present and cause chemical reactions. These free radicals are also a powerful cause of radiolysis, and therefore, the potential damage that they could cause in a compound could outweigh the benefits of the heating. Therefore, it is necessary to protect the compounds from the radicals. The most common compounds used to stabilize the plasma are nitrogen, argon, helium, and deuterium. If the plasma is used in the commercial preparation of pharmaceuticals, it is important to know the state of isotopic purity of deuterium and argon. A deuterium plasma is generally prepared with 99.9% deuterium, and a full-scale plasma reactor normally operates with a mixture of helium, deuterium, and argon. Nitrogen is generally used to protect the compound during the work, whereas argon is used to stabilize the plasma.
When heating mixtures of liquids that react, it is possible to either induce the reaction by bringing the sample together with the reactants to the MW (which is generally used to prepare the reactions) or to avoid the reactants forming the precipitate of the products by heating until the solvents boil. An example of the latter is the heating of quinine hydrochloride and chloroacetic acid to get quinine inorganic salt or of the reaction of sodium bicarbonate with chloroacetic acid (an example of a classic reaction) to get sodium chloride.
In addition to organic chemistry, MWs are now being widely used in inorganic chemistry. Recently, MWs were also adopted in the preparation of nanoparticles, where MWs are used as a tool to control the nucleation and growth of the nanoparticles. This method may allow the synthesis of high-quality inorganic materials with large particle sizes which are otherwise difficult to achieve by conventional means. In addition, this method allows the production of nanostructured catalysts with narrow sizes distribution and control of the particle size, which are otherwise difficult to obtain.
However, for the above reasons, and in order to perform MW-chemistry, a significant improvement of the equipment is required. In particular, during the last decades, the MW-technology has been conceived mainly of glassware and oil.
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